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1. 向列相液晶动力学 Beris-Edwards 系统全离散有限元方法的收敛性
Convergence of a fully discrete finite element method for the Beris-Edwards system of liquid crystal dynamics
作者: Gonzalo A. Benavides, Franziska Weber
类别: math.NA, math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28444v1
摘要翻译: 我们提出并分析了一种针对向列相液晶动力学 Beris-Edwards 系统的全离散有限元格式,其中不可压 Navier-Stokes 方程与 Landau-de Gennes Q-张量的梯度流耦合。该格式在时间方向结合线性隐式的、形式上二阶精度的后向差分公式,以及用于处理不可压约束的增量 Chorin 投影步骤;在空间方向采用协调有限元,并使用带有质量集总化的不变能量四次方化方法来处理非线性体势。每个时间步只需求解一个线性方程组和一个 Poisson 问题。我们证明该格式具有唯一可解性,保持离散 Q-张量和分子场的对称性与无迹结构,并且满足一个不依赖于时间步长限制的离散能量律。我们的主要结果是:当网格尺寸 $h$ 和时间步长 $Δt$ 在 $h^{2} = o(Δt)$ 的条件下趋于零时,近似解沿某个子序列收敛到 Beris-Edwards 系统的弱解。收敛性证明解决了两个难点:投影方法产生两个速度近似,但仅其中一个在 $L^2(0,T;H^1_0(Ω))$ 中一致有界;且耦合项 $\mathcal{H}\nabla Q$ 需要 $\nabla Q$ 的强收敛性,我们从 $\mathcal{H}$ 方程的结构中获得这一点,而不是从任何离散的 $H^2$-界获得。二维数值实验表现出空间和时间上大约二阶的收敛性,并再现了由恒定压力梯度诱导的 $+1$ 点缺陷分裂为两个 $+1/2$ 缺陷的过程以及 skyrmion 的输运和形变。
Comment: 51 pages. 16 figures
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28444v1
1. 研究对象和背景
本文研究的是描述向列相液晶(nematic liquid crystal)动力学的 Beris-Edwards 方程组。该模型将不可压缩 Navier-Stokes 方程与 Landau-de Gennes $Q$-张量的梯度流耦合在一起,能够捕捉液晶材料中的复杂相变和缺陷结构。与基于向量模型的 Oseen-Frank 理论不同,Landau-de Gennes 理论使用对称无迹二阶张量 $Q$ 来描述分子取向,其自由能泛函为:
其中体势能量密度 $F_B(Q)$ 和弹性能量密度 $F_E(\nabla Q)$ 在单常数近似下分别为:
Beris-Edwards 方程组具体形式如下:
其中 $u$ 是流体速度,$Q$ 是 $Q$-张量,$H$ 是分子场,$f$ 是外力,$\mu$ 是粘度,$M$ 是迁移率常数。$S$ 和 $\Sigma$ 分别由流动的速度梯度分解为对称部分 $D$ 和反对称部分 $W$ 以及参数 $\xi$ 决定。
该系统的弱解存在性已在文献 [41, 42] 中建立,局部强解的存在唯一性在 [2] 中证明。然而,针对该特定 $Q$-张量系统的全离散有限元方法收敛性此前尚未有结果。虽然已有针对 Ericksen-Leslie 和 Ericksen 模型的全离散收敛性研究,但 Beris-Edwards 系统中的非线性耦合项使得数值分析极具挑战性。此外,尽管已有半离散时间积分方案(如一阶和二阶精度),但缺乏空间离散化及其收敛性分析。因此,本文旨在填补这一空白,提出并分析一个全离散有限元方案,证明其在适当条件下收敛到 Beris-Edwards 系统的弱解。
2. 主要定理或主要结果
本文的主要结果包括以下几个方面:
唯一可解性与结构保持:证明了所提出的全离散有限元方案在每个时间步长内是唯一可解的,并且离散 $Q$-张量和分子场保持了原始连续问题中的对称性和无迹结构。
离散能量律:证明了该方案满足一个不依赖于时间步长限制的离散能量律。这意味着方案的稳定性不需要对时间步长施加额外的约束条件。
收敛性定理:主要结果是当网格尺寸 $h$ 和时间步长 $\Delta t$ 趋于零且满足 $h^2 = o(\Delta t)$ 的条件时,数值解沿某个子序列收敛到 Beris-Edwards 系统的一个弱解。这个逆 CFL 型条件仅用于证明收敛性,而不影响方案的可解性或稳定性。
数值实验验证:二维数值实验表明,该方案在空间和时间内具有大约二阶的收敛精度。此外,模拟成功再现了物理现象,例如 $+1$ 点缺陷分裂成两个 $+1/2$ 缺陷,以及在恒定压力梯度诱导下的天球涡旋(skyrmion)的传输和变形。
3. 研究方法、关键技术和核心工具
为了克服证明过程中的技术障碍,作者采用了以下核心方法和工具:
不变能量二次化(IEQ)方法:利用体势能量密度 $F_B$ 的下界性质,引入辅助变量 $r(Q)$:
$$ r(Q) = \sqrt{2\left(\frac{a}{2}\text{tr}(Q^2) - \frac{b}{3}\text{tr}(Q^3) + \frac{c}{4}\text{tr}^2(Q^2) + A_0\right)}, $$其中 $A_0 > 0$ 是一个足够大的常数以确保 $r$ 为正。通过 IEQ 方法,原系统被重写为包含线性项的形式,从而简化了非线性项的处理。这种方法使得每一步只需求解一个线性系统和一个 Poisson 问题。
增量 Chorin 投影法:用于处理 Navier-Stokes 方程中的不可压缩约束。该方法将速度场的演化分为两步:首先计算中间速度场,然后将其投影到无散度空间。这种方法避免了 inf-sup/LBB 兼容性条件的要求,简化了空间离散化的选择。
质量集总(Mass Lumping):在处理辅助变量 $r$ 的方程时使用质量集总技术。这不仅有助于获得离散能量不等式,还使得 $r$ 的有限元格式成为节点恒等式,从而可以在方程中逐点消除 $r$ 的近似值。此外,它确保了离散化过程中某些项的精确抵消,类似于连续设置中的情况。
紧性论证:由于投影法产生了两个速度近似(中间速度和最终速度),其中一个在 $L^2(0,T;H^1_0(\Omega))$ 中一致有界,而另一个没有。为了获得速度场近似的预紧性,作者结合了一些在文献 [27, 54, 53] 中发展的工具。对于耦合项 $H\nabla Q$,需要 $\nabla Q$ 的强收敛性。作者利用 $H$ 方程的结构而非离散 $H^2$-界来获得这一点。具体来说,通过 $H$ 的 $L^2$ 范数控制 $\Delta Q$ 的 $L^2$ 范数,进而利用椭圆正则性得到 $Q$ 的局部 $H^2$ 正则性,但在有限元背景下避免直接证明 $H^2$ 界,而是通过 $H$ 方程的结构展示 $\nabla Q$ 近似的 $L^2([0,T]\times\Omega)$ 范数收敛。
4. 与之前工作的比较
与现有工作相比,本文的主要推进和差异体现在以下几个方面:
全离散收敛性:此前的工作主要集中在半离散时间积分方案或特定的矢量模型(如 Ericksen-Leslie 和 Ericksen 模型)。据作者所知,这是首次针对 Beris-Edwards $Q$-张量系统提供全离散有限元方法的收敛性证明。这填补了该领域的一个重要空白。
时间离散化精度:本文采用形式上二阶精度的 BDF2 时间离散化,而之前的工作如 [55] 仅考虑了一阶时间离散化。尽管 [60] 提出了二阶半离散方案,但未进行空间离散化或收敛性分析。本文不仅实现了全离散化,还证明了其收敛性。
稳定性与收敛性条件:本文的方案在不限制时间步长的情况下满足离散能量律,这表明其无条件稳定性。收敛性所需的逆 CFL 条件 $h^2 = o(\Delta t)$ 仅用于收敛性证明,而不是稳定性或可解性的要求。这与某些其他方法可能需要的更严格的时间步长限制形成对比。
处理非线性耦合的技术创新:通过使用 IEQ 方法和质量集总,作者有效地处理了复杂的非线性耦合项,避免了直接使用高阶有限元(如 $C^1$ 有限元)的需求。这种策略使得方案在实际计算中更加可行,同时保证了数学上的严谨性。
数值实验的物理意义:除了验证收敛精度外,本文的数值实验还展示了方案捕捉重要物理现象的能力,如缺陷分裂和天球涡旋的动态行为。这些结果增强了方案在实际应用中的可信度和实用性。
2. 二维Navier-Stokes方程粗糙数据下的大尺度前向离散自相似解
Large forward discretely self-similar solutions to the two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations with rough data
作者: Changfeng Gui, Hao Liu, Chunjing Xie
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28157v1
摘要翻译: 我们构造了二维Navier-Stokes方程在 $L^2_{loc}(ar{ar{R}}^2ackslashar{ar{0}})$ 中任意大初值下的前向离散自相似(DSS)解。针对此类粗糙初值,我们首先建立了一个关于离散缩放的精确线性估计,该估计将基本环域上初始数据的 ar{L}^2$-范数与其在单位对数时间周期上的热提升的Dirichlet能量联系起来。结合线性轮廓与非线性余项在一个单位对数时间周期内的结构性抵消,这给出了余项的统一 ar{ar{H}}^1$-界,其中初值的自然 $L^2_{loc}$-正则性似乎恰好是临界情形。由于二维Leray算子不具有 ar{L}^2$-强制性,我们通过利用 ar{L}^p$-估计 ($1<p<2$)、一个关键的bootstrap论证以及周期性,恢复了对余项的统一能量控制。随后,只要初值属于 $ar{C}^2_{loc}(ar{ar{R}}^2ackslashar{ar{0}})$,我们利用进一步的加权估计和不动点论证首先构造出光滑的DSS解。这些更强的加权界在逼近粗糙数据时不是均匀的。相反,过渡到 ar{L}^2_{ m loc}$ 数据仅依赖于无权的能量估计。最后,我们利用极限周期轮廓的强时间连续性,恢复了验证初值所需的统一空间紧致性。
Comment: 无
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28157v1
1. 研究对象和背景
本文研究二维不可压缩 Navier-Stokes 方程在粗糙初值下的全局存在性问题,特别是构造具有任意大范数且仅满足局部 $L^2$ 正则性的前向离散自相似(Discretely Self-Similar, DSS)解。Navier-Stokes 方程为:
其中 $u: \mathbb{R}^2 \times [0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}^2$ 是速度场,$p$ 是压力。
在经典理论中,对于有限能量初值 $u_0 \in L^2(\mathbb{R}^n)$,Leray 和 Hopf 证明了弱解的存在性。然而,当考虑尺度不变(Scale-invariant)或离散尺度不变的解时,情况变得复杂。若解满足连续尺度不变性 $u_\lambda(x,t) = \lambda u(\lambda x, \lambda^2 t)$,则初值必须是 $(-1)$-齐次的,即 $u_0(\lambda x) = \lambda^{-1} u_0(x)$。在二维情形下,这种齐次向量场在原点和无穷远处均不平方可积,因此具有无限能量。
离散自相似解是指存在某个 $\lambda > 1$,使得解在离散的尺度序列下保持不变:
对应的初值 $u_0$ 满足 $u_{0,\lambda}(x) = u_0(x)$。对于这样的初值,其在基本环带 $A = \{x \in \mathbb{R}^2 : 1 \le |x| < \lambda\}$ 上的 $L^2$ 范数是有限的,记为 $\mathcal{A} = \|u_0\|_{L^2(A)}$。尽管总能量是无限的,但每个缩放后的环带 $\lambda^k A$ 携带相同的动能。因此,$L^2_{loc}(\mathbb{R}^2 \setminus \{0\})$ 空间(等价于 $L^{2,\infty}(\mathbb{R}^2)$)是描述此类初值的自然函数空间。
此前,小初值下的自相似解存在性已由临界空间中的适定性理论确立。对于三维情形,Jia 和 Šverák 以及 Tsai 等人已经证明了大初值下自相似解和离散自相似解的存在性。然而,二维问题具有独特的临界特征:非平凡的尺度不变速度场量级为 $|x|^{-1}$,导致在原点附近没有局部有限能量。此外,在自相似变量下,二维 Leray 算子缺乏 $L^2$-强制性(coercivity)。具体而言,若引入自相似变量 $y = x/\sqrt{t}, s = \log t$,并设 $u(x,t) = t^{-1/2} U(y,s)$,则 $U$ 满足时间依赖的 Leray 方程:
在此方程的能量估计中,零阶项 $-\frac{1}{2}U$ 与漂移项 $-\frac{1}{2}y \cdot \nabla U$ 在 $L^2$ 能量恒等式中相互抵消,这意味着标准的能量方法只能控制 $\dot{H}^1$ 范数,而无法防止解在空间无穷远处的增长。这一困难在三维情形中不存在,因为三维情形下有更强的耗散机制。
最近,文献 [2] 和 [14] 分别通过不同的方法证明了二维 Navier-Stokes 方程在局部 Hölder 连续初值下大自相似解的存在性。然而,这些结果并未涵盖更粗糙的初值,也未涉及离散自相似的情形。离散自相似解在自相似变量下表现为周期解,这使得问题本质上是时间依赖的,而非稳态的。本文旨在填补这一空白:首先证明对于任意缩放因子 $\lambda$,二维 Navier-Stokes 方程存在离散自相似解;其次,将存在性结果推广到 $L^2_{loc}(\mathbb{R}^2 \setminus \{0\})$ 中的粗糙初值。作者发现,$L^2_{loc}$ 正则性不仅是技术假设,而是热流 Dirichlet 能量在一个对数周期内有限的尖锐正则性水平。
2. 主要定理或主要结果
本文的主要结果概括如下:
定理 1.1: 设 $u_0 \in L^2_{loc}(\mathbb{R}^2 \setminus \{0\})$ 是一个无散度、$\lambda$-离散自相似的向量场,且满足边界条件:
则存在 Cauchy 问题 (1.1)-(1.2) 的一个离散自相似解 $u(x,t)$,该解在定义 1.1 的意义下是能量扰动解。此外,对于任意 $1 < p < \infty$,有如下估计:
其中 $\mathcal{A} = \|u_0\|_{L^2(A)}$,$A = B_\lambda \setminus B_1$。
关键推论与性质:
- 初始条件的恢复: 由于 $u(\cdot, t) \to u_0$ 在 $L^p(\mathbb{R}^2)$ 中对于 $1 < p < 2$ 成立,且误差项趋于零,这验证了初值条件。
- 长时间衰减: 对于 $p > 2$,当 $t \to \infty$ 时,误差项 $\|u(x,t) - e^{t\Delta} u_0\|_{L^p(\mathbb{R}^2)}$ 以 $t^{-1/2 + 1/p}$ 的速率衰减。
- 均匀先验估计: 在自相似变量下,余项 $V(y,s) = U(y,s) - U_0(y,s)$ 满足以下一致界:$$ \sup_{0 \le s \le T} \|V(\cdot, s)\|_{H^1(\mathbb{R}^2)} \le C(\mathcal{A}, \lambda), $$其中 $T = 2 \log \lambda$ 是周期。此外,对于任意 $p \in (1, \infty)$,有:$$ \sup_{0 \le s \le T} \|V(\cdot, s)\|_{L^p(\mathbb{R}^2)} \le C(\mathcal{A}, \lambda, p). $$
线性估计的尖锐性: 文章建立了一个关键的线性估计,识别了初值在基本环带上的 $L^2$ 范数与其热提升(caloric lift)在一个对数周期内的 Dirichlet 能量之间的关系。具体地,若 $f$ 满足 $f(\lambda x) = \lambda^{-1} f(x)$,则存在常数 $C(\lambda)$ 使得:
这一估计表明,$L^2$ 正则性是保证热流 Dirichlet 能量有限的最低要求。
3. 研究方法、关键技术和核心工具
证明的核心障碍在于二维 Leray 算子缺乏 $L^2$-强制性,以及粗糙初值导致的低正则性使得加权估计失效。作者通过三个主要技术成分克服了这些困难:
线性 Dirichlet 能量估计与傅里叶分析: 为了处理离散自相似初值的热流行为,作者引入了对数坐标变换。设 $f(r, \theta) = r^{-1} g(\log r, \theta)$,则 $g$ 在对数径向变量 $s = \log r$ 和角度 $\theta$ 上都是周期的。通过对 $g$ 进行双重傅里叶展开,并利用贝塞尔函数的 Mellin 变换,作者将 Dirichlet 能量表示为一个加权的 $L^2$ 范数。比较这个范数与初值在基本环带上的 $L^2$ 范数,得到了上述的双边估计。这一技巧揭示了 $L^2$ 正则性的尖锐性:如果初值的正则性低于 $L^2$,Dirichlet 能量可能发散。
周期性消去与非线性 Bootstrap 论证: 在自相似变量下,解 $U(y,s)$ 是关于 $s$ 的周期函数,周期为 $T = 2 \log \lambda$。定义线性轮廓 $U_0(y,s)$ 为热流的自相似变换,余项 $V = U - U_0$ 满足一个非线性演化方程。利用周期性,作者推导出了一个关键的消去恒等式:
$$ \int_0^T \int_{\mathbb{R}^2} |\nabla V|^2 \, dy ds + 2 \int_0^T \int_{\mathbb{R}^2} \nabla U_0 \cdot \nabla V \, dy ds = 0. $$结合 Hölder 不等式和线性估计,这给出了 $V$ 的梯度在时空平均意义下的界:
$$ \|\nabla V\|_{L^2(0,T; L^2(\mathbb{R}^2))} \le C(\mathcal{A}, \lambda). $$然而,这个二次能量恒等式无法提供固定时刻的 $L^2$ 范数控制,也无法控制空间无穷远处的行为。为了克服这一点,作者使用了乘子 $|V|^{p-2}V$ ($1 < p < 2$) 来测试方程。虽然这引入了压力项的估计困难,但通过 Gagliardo-Nirenberg 不等式和 Young 不等式,作者构建了一个 Bootstrap 量 $M = \sup_{0 \le s \le T} \|V(s)\|_{L^p}$。利用周期性将好的时间切片上的控制传播到整个周期,最终得到:
$$ M^p \le C(\mathcal{A}, \lambda, p) (1 + M^{p/2}), $$从而封闭了 Bootstrap 论证,获得了 $L^\infty_s L^p_y$ 的一致界。进而通过插值得到完整的能量估计。
光滑近似与紧性论证: 直接构造粗糙初值的解非常困难,因为加权能量估计在低正则性下无法闭合。作者首先假设初值属于 $C^2_{loc}(\mathbb{R}^2 \setminus \{0\})$,此时线性轮廓 $U_0$ 及其导数具有更强的逐点衰减性。利用这些额外的衰减信息,作者建立了加权能量估计,防止了解在空间无穷远处的质量流失。结合加权 Stokes 算子的界,使用 Leray-Schauder 不动点定理构造了光滑初值下的解。 随后,作者用 $C^2_{loc}$ 初值逼近 $L^2_{loc}$ 初值。关键在于,之前的未加权能量估计 (1.22) 仅依赖于初值的 $L^2_{loc}$ 正则性,因此在逼近过程中保持一致。利用 Aubin-Lions 引理获得强收敛性,从而通过非线性项。最后,为了验证初始条件,作者利用了极限周期剖面的强时间连续性(通过 Lions-Magenes 引理),证明了 $V \in C(T_T; L^2(\mathbb{R}^2))$。这保证了集合 $\{V(s) : 0 \le s \le T\}$ 在 $L^2(\mathbb{R}^2)$ 中的紧性,从而恢复了所需的空间紧致性,验证了初值条件。
4. 与之前工作的比较
本文的工作在多个维度上推进了现有的二维 Navier-Stokes 方程自相似解理论:
从连续自相似到离散自相似: 此前的工作(如 [2] 和 [14])主要关注连续自相似解,即解在所有尺度 $\lambda > 1$ 下不变。这类解对应于自相似变量下的稳态解。而本文研究的是离散自相似解,它们在自相似变量下是周期解。这使得问题从椭圆型偏微分方程转变为抛物型偏微分方程,引入了时间依赖性。处理这种时间依赖性需要新的周期性消去技术和 Bootstrap 论证,这是之前针对稳态解的方法所不具备的。
初值正则性的降低: 文献 [2] 和 [14] 要求初值具有局部 Hölder 连续性。相比之下,本文将初值的正则性降低到了 $L^2_{loc}(\mathbb{R}^2 \setminus \{0\})$。这是一个显著的理论进步,因为 $L^2_{loc}$ 是描述离散自相似初值的自然临界空间。作者证明了 $L^2_{loc}$ 正则性是线性和非线性估计能够成立的尖锐阈值。这一结果不仅扩大了存在性理论的适用范围,还揭示了该空间中结构的深层数学特性。
大初值与粗糙数据的结合: 虽然三维情形下已有大初值离散自相似解的结果(如 Tsai [23], Bradshaw and Tsai [4,5]),但这些结果通常依赖于三维特有的耗散机制或不同的能量结构。二维情形的难点在于缺乏 $L^2$-强制性。本文通过引入 $L^p$ ($1 < p < 2$) 估计和精细的 Bootstrap 论证,成功地在二维大初值且粗糙数据的情况下建立了统一的能量控制。这与三维情形形成了鲜明对比,突显了二维问题的独特挑战。
构造方法的创新: 在构造解的过程中,作者采用了一种“先光滑后粗糙”的策略。对于光滑初值,利用加权估计和 Leray-Schauder 不动点定理构造解;对于粗糙初值,则依赖于未加权能量估计的稳定性和紧性论证。这种方法避免了直接在粗糙空间中使用加权估计的困难,因为加权估计在低正则性下往往无法闭合。这种策略在处理临界问题中具有普遍意义,展示了如何利用不同正则性水平下的不同工具来克服障碍。
与 Jia-Šverák 工作的比较: Jia 和 Šverák 在三维情形下首次证明了大初值前向自相似解的存在性。他们的证明依赖于特定的能量结构和单调性公式。本文在二维情形下无法直接应用这些技术,因为二维缺乏相应的耗散。因此,本文发展了一套全新的分析框架,特别强调了离散尺度不变性带来的周期性结构在能量估计中的作用。这表明,即使在二维这样相对简单的维度中,大初值自相似解的存在性也是一个极其复杂的问题,需要深刻的分析洞察。
综上所述,本文不仅在初值正则性上达到了尖锐水平,还在方法论上提供了处理二维大初值离散自相似问题的新范式,填补了该领域的重要空白。
3. 三维 Navier-Stokes-Fourier 方程平面扩散波附近的低马赫数极限
Low Mach number limit around the planar diffusion wave for 3D Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations
作者: Qiangchang Ju, Rui Li, Fanrui Meng
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27281v1
摘要翻译: 我们研究了 $oldsymbol{\mathbb{R}\times\mathbb{T}^2}$ 上三维全可压缩 Navier-Stokes-Fourier (NSF) 方程在两类不同初值下的低马赫数极限,分别对应于良准备(well-prepared)情形和劣准备(ill-prepared)情形。密度与温度被允许在无穷远处趋近不同的渐近状态。对于良准备情形,当马赫数趋于零时,可压缩 NSF 方程的解在全局时间尺度上收敛到一个平面扩散波解,其中远场状态之间的差异独立于马赫数。此外,可以得到最优的时间衰减率。这可以视为关于具有大温度变化的三维 NSF 方程低马赫数极限的首个全局时间结果。对于劣准备情形,通过对零模与非零模分别进行能量估计,并借助 Métivier-Schochet 在 \cite{Métivier2001} 中提出的一个辅助收敛引理,得到了相应的局部时间结果。值得注意的是,远场状态之间的差异被允许任意大。
Comment: 无
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27281v1
1. 研究对象和背景
本文研究的是三维非等温可压缩 Navier-Stokes-Fourier (NSF) 方程在低马赫数极限下的渐近行为. 研究对象是定义在 $oldsymbol{\Omega = \mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{T}^2}$ 上的 NSF 方程组, 其形式为:
其中 $\rho$ 为密度, $u$ 为速度, $\theta$ 为绝对温度, $P = R\rho\theta$ 为压强, $E = \rho(e + \frac{1}{2}|u|^2)$ 为总能量, $e = c_v \theta$ 为内能. 粘性应力张量 $S = 2\mu D(u) + \lambda \text{div } u I$. 为了研究低马赫数极限, 引入无量纲参数 $\varepsilon \in (0, 1]$ 作为马赫数, 并采用如下标度变换:
同时粘性系数和热导率也相应缩放: $\mu \to \varepsilon \mu, \lambda \to \varepsilon \lambda, \kappa \to \varepsilon \kappa$. 此时方程变为:
当 $\varepsilon \to 0$ 时, 该系统的形式极限由不可压流体方程描述. 然而, 由于远场状态允许存在大的温度变化, 即密度和温度在无穷远处趋向于不同的常数状态 $(\rho_-, \theta_-)$ 和 $(\rho_+, \theta_+)$, 且满足 $\rho_- \theta_- = \rho_+ \theta_+$, 这使得问题变得复杂. 在这种情况下, 密度不再接近常数, 空间微分会产生难以控制的变系数项.
已有文献中, 对于等温情况, Klainerman-Majda 建立了周期性域和全空间的均匀估计; Métivier-Schochet 处理了非等温 Euler 方程的全空间收敛性; Lions-Masmoudi 和 Desjardins-Grenier 分别研究了弱解和强解的不可压极限. 但对于非等温 Navier-Stokes 方程, 特别是涉及大温度变化的全局解情形, 现有结果非常有限. Huang-Wang-Wang 在 [14] 中证明了 1D NSF 方程在全时间范围内的低马赫数极限, 但仅限于一维. 本文旨在将这一结果推广到三维情形, 特别是在 $oldsymbol{\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{T}^2}$ 上, 并考虑两种初始数据: 良好准备 (well-prepared) 和适度不良准备 (moderate ill-prepared). 主要目标是证明在良好准备数据下, 解在全时间范围内收敛到平面扩散波, 并获得最优的时间衰减率.
2. 主要定理或主要结果
本文的主要结果分为两部分, 分别对应良好准备数据和适度不良准备数据.
定理 2.1 (良好准备初始数据的均匀估计): 假设 $(\rho_-, u_-, \theta_-)$ 和 $(\rho_+, u_+, \theta_+)$ 是满足条件 (1.6) 的常数状态, 即:
且 $(\bar{\rho}, \bar{u}, \bar{\theta})$ 是由 (1.11) 定义的扩散波, 其强度为 $\delta = |\rho_+ - \rho_-| + |\theta_+ - \theta_-|$. 存在正常数 $\delta_0$ 和 $\varepsilon_0$, 使得当 $\delta \leq \delta_0$ 且 $\varepsilon \leq \varepsilon_0$ 时, 若初始数据满足:
以及
则 Cauchy 问题 (1.2) 存在唯一的全局光滑解 $(\rho_\varepsilon, u_\varepsilon, \theta_\varepsilon)$, 满足:
其中 $\bar{\delta} = \varepsilon + \delta$. 此外, 非零模的时间衰减率为:
推论 2.2 (良好准备初始数据的低马赫数极限): 在定理 2.1 的假设下, 当 $\varepsilon \to 0$ 时, 有:
这表明解在全时间范围内收敛到平面扩散波, 且获得了关于 $\varepsilon$ 的最优收敛速率.
对于适度不良准备数据, 文中未给出完整的定理陈述, 但提到通过分离零模和非零模的能量估计, 并利用 Métivier-Schochet 提出的辅助收敛引理, 得到了局部时间的结果. 特别地, 远场状态之间的差异允许任意大.
3. 研究方法、关键技术和核心工具
本文的证明框架基于以下几个关键技术点:
构造新的 ansatz: 作者首先构造了一个特殊的背景解 $(\hat{\rho}, \hat{u}_1, 0, 0, \hat{\theta})$, 它是不粘系统 (1.4) 的解. 然后定义:
$$ (\bar{\rho}, \bar{u}, \bar{\theta}) = (\hat{\rho}, \hat{u}, \hat{\theta} - \frac{1}{2}|\varepsilon \bar{u}_1|^2), $$并验证 $(\bar{\rho}, \bar{u}, \bar{\theta})$ 是原方程 (1.2) 的一个近似解, 误差项为:
$$ Q_1 = O(1) \delta \varepsilon^2 (1 + t)^{-1} e^{-\frac{c x_1^2}{1+t}}, \quad Q_2 = O(1) \delta \varepsilon^2 (1 + t)^{-3/2} e^{-\frac{c x_1^2}{1+t}}. $$接下来, 为了处理额外的初始质量, 作者引入了两个高斯型函数 $\Theta_1$ 和 $\Theta_3$, 它们满足热方程:
$$ \partial_\tau \Theta_i + \lambda_i \partial_{y_1} \Theta_i = \partial^2_{y_1} \Theta_i, \quad i = 1, 3. $$并定义了新的 ansatz $(\tilde{\rho}, \varepsilon \tilde{m}, \tilde{E})$, 它结合了背景解和高斯型函数, 以匹配初始条件的额外质量.
扰动变量与反导数: 定义扰动变量:
$$ (\phi, \psi, \zeta, \varphi, w) = (\rho - \tilde{\rho}, \varepsilon u - \varepsilon \tilde{u}, \theta - \tilde{\theta}, \varepsilon m - \varepsilon \tilde{m}, E - \tilde{E}), $$并引入反导数:
$$ (\Phi, \Psi, W) = \int_{-\infty}^{y_1} (\dot{\rho} - \tilde{\rho}, \varepsilon \dot{m} - \varepsilon \tilde{m}, \dot{E} - \tilde{E})(s, \tau) ds. $$这些变量用于建立能量估计.
克服结构条件限制: 在三维情况下, 经典的左右结构条件不成立, 导致出现缓慢衰减的低阶项, 例如:
$$ \int_\Omega (1 + t)^{-1/2} e^{-\frac{c x_1^2}{1+t}} \left((\rho - \bar{\rho})^2 + \varepsilon(m_1 - \bar{m}_1)^2 + (\theta - \bar{\theta})^2\right) dx. $$为了克服这一困难, 作者引入了一族变换 (3.6), 将衰减率从 $(1 + t)^{-1/2}$ 改进到 $(1 + t)^{-1}$, 从而使低阶项的形式类似于 [14] 中的情况.
均匀收敛性估计: 为了获得关于 $\varepsilon$ 的均匀估计, 需要对误差项 $(\tilde{\Gamma}_1, \tilde{\Gamma}_{2i}, \tilde{\Gamma}_3)$ 进行精细估计. 作者将这些误差项分解为两部分: 来自扩散波的贡献和来自背景解的贡献. 扩散波的贡献可以通过类似 [8] 的方法处理, 因为它包含一个额外的因子 $\varepsilon^{1/2}$. 对于背景解的贡献, 作者利用了特殊的耗散结构 $G_k$ (3.25), 将界从 $\delta^{k/2}(\varepsilon^{-2} + \tau)^{-k/2 + 1/4}$ 改进到 $\delta^{3k/4}(\varepsilon^{-2} + \tau)^{-3k/4 + 1/4}$.
Poincaré 不等式的影响: 在非零模的估计中, Poincaré 常数的依赖于马赫数是一个重要挑战. 在重标度后的区域 $\Omega_\varepsilon = \mathbb{R} \times (\frac{\mathbb{T}}{\varepsilon})^2$ 上, Poincaré 不等式变为:
$$ \|f_\neq\|_{L^2(\Omega_\varepsilon)} \leq C \varepsilon^{-k} \|\nabla_y^k f_\neq\|_{L^2(\Omega_\varepsilon)}. $$这使得仅靠可用的耗散难以控制耦合项. 为此, 作者将时间区间分为两部分: 当 $t \geq \left(\frac{2C_1 \bar{\eta}}{c \varepsilon}\right)^2 - 1$ 时, 背景解的导数足够小, 可以补偿 Poincaré 不等式中 $\varepsilon$ 依赖的增长; 当 $t < \left(\frac{2C_1 \bar{\eta}}{c \varepsilon}\right)^2 - 1$ 时, 使用 Grönwall 不等式和初始数据的小性假设来控制这些项.
4. 与之前工作的比较
本文与既有工作的比较主要体现在以下几个方面:
维度推广: Huang-Wang-Wang 在 [14] 中证明了 1D NSF 方程在全时间范围内的低马赫数极限, 但仅限于一维. 本文将这一结果推广到三维情形, 特别是在 $\mathbb{R} \times \mathbb{T}^2$ 上, 这是首次在大温度变化条件下获得三维 NSF 方程的全时间低马赫数极限结果.
初始数据条件: 在 [14] 中, 初始扰动被假设为零, 而本文考虑的初始数据具有非零质量. 此外, 本文获得了关于 $\varepsilon$ 的改进收敛速率. 具体来说, 在良好准备数据下, 收敛速率为 $\varepsilon^{3/2}$ 和 $\varepsilon^{1/2}$, 这比 [14] 中的结果更优.
技术难点与创新: 在三维情况下, 经典的左右结构条件不成立, 导致出现缓慢衰减的低阶项. 本文通过引入一族变换来改进衰减率, 从而克服了这一困难. 此外, 作者对误差项进行了精细分解, 并利用了特殊的耗散结构来获得更尖锐的估计. 这些技术创新使得能够在三维情况下获得全局解的均匀估计.
Poincaré 不等式的处理: 在非零模的估计中, Poincaré 常数的依赖于马赫数是一个重要挑战. 本文通过将时间区间分为两部分来处理这一问题, 这是一种新颖的技术手段. 相比之下, 之前的工作通常依赖于声学色散估计或其他方法, 但在大温度变化条件下, 这些方法可能不够有效.
适用范围: 本文的结果适用于远场状态之间存在大温度变化的情况, 这与之前的一些工作不同, 后者通常假设温度变化较小. 这种推广使得结果更具普适性, 但也带来了更大的技术挑战.
了解领域论文(摘要翻译)
1. 高阶可积性理论,第一部分:Beurling–Ahlfors 变换的 $L^p$-范数
Sharp Higher Integrability Theory, Part I: The $L^p$-norm of the Beurling–Ahlfors transform
作者: Andrea Agazzi, Kari Astala, Giuseppe Bruno, Gabriele Cassese, Hang Chang, Daniel Faraco, André Guerra, Bernd Kirchheim, Aleksis Koski, Jan Kristensen, Federico Pasqualotto, István Prause, Riccardo Tione, Vladimír Šverák, László Székelyhidi
类别: math.CV, math.AP, math.CA
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28311v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28311v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 高阶可积性理论,第一部分:Beurling–Ahlfors 变换的 $L^p$-范数
摘要翻译: 我们证实了 T. Iwaniec 于 1982 年提出的一个猜想:当 $p \geq 2$ 时,Beurling–Ahlfors 变换的 $L^p$ 范数为 $p-1$;当 $1 < p \leq 2$ 时,其值为 $(p-1)^{-1}$。
2. 空间非均匀截断麦克斯韦分子玻尔兹曼方程的全局正向自相似解
Global forward self-similar solutions of the spatially inhomogeneous Boltzmann equation for cutoff Maxwell molecules
作者: Quoc-Hung Nguyen, Jiaqi Yang, Tong Yang
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28285v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28285v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 空间非均匀截断麦克斯韦分子玻尔兹曼方程的全局正向自相似解
摘要翻译: 对于任意固定的 $m>1$,我们构造了三维空间非均匀麦克斯韦分子玻尔兹曼方程的非零全局正向自相似温和解。我们假设角核有界,并在掠射角和正面碰撞角处满足加权可积性条件。初始数据在动力学标度变换下是齐次的,在相空间中原点处奇异,且具有无限质量。它们在该标度变换不变的加权范数下的量级较小。首先,利用自由输运坐标和碰撞位移的正交性,我们在此范数下证明了增益算子的双线性估计。该估计给出了不含损失项的方程的全局解,从而为 Kaniel–Shinbrot 迭代中的下近似和上近似提供了界限。我们证明它们的差在相空间中一个固定环面上,在初始时刻以任意高阶趋于零。论证过程中使用了有限次数的碰撞估计迭代,并在特征线离开空间环面时停止追踪。随后,自相似性表明该差值具有有限质量和有限的速度一阶绝对矩。将其质量守恒律与其标度律进行比较,表明这两个极限是一致的。所得到的解在相空间中远离原点处局部地达到其在 $L^\infty$ 中的初始迹,并且在每个正时刻都具有无限质量。
3. 二维无界 Vlasov-Poisson 系统的非线性 Landau 阻尼
Nonlinear Landau damping for the unconfined Vlasov-Poisson system in 2D
作者: Alexandru D. Ionescu, Quoc-Hung Nguyen
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28251v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28251v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 二维无界 Vlasov-Poisson 系统的非线性 Landau 阻尼
摘要翻译: 我们证明了二维 Vlasov–Poisson 系统在无界欧氏空间中、靠近均匀 Poisson 平衡态的非线性 Landau 阻尼:
对于小的、光滑的、局部化的且中性的扰动,我们建立了全局存在性、电场逐点衰减的定量估计以及向自由输运的散射。本文所证明的结果似乎是无界二维 Vlasov–Poisson 系统解的首个非线性 Landau 阻尼结果。 均匀的 Penrose 稳定性界在低空间频率处退化,导致弱阻尼等离子体振荡。我们将快速衰减的正则场与带有时间因子 $\cos(t)$ 和 $\sin(t)$ 的振荡分量分离开来。证明结合了密度的 Volterra 表示、特征流与非线性矩的加权估计,以及对时间的分部积分。中性条件提供了临界二维估计中所需要的空间抵消。
4. 耦合 Fokker-Planck-Darcy 系统的贝叶斯统计逆问题
Bayesian statistical inverse problems for a coupled Fokker-Planck-Darcy system
作者: Grigorios A. Pavliotis, Andrew M. Stuart, Andrea Zanoni
类别: math.ST, math.AP, math.NA
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28242v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28242v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 耦合 Fokker-Planck-Darcy 系统的贝叶斯统计逆问题
摘要翻译: 我们研究了从对 Fokker-Planck 解的离散、含噪声观测中恢复空间依赖介电常数的非参数统计逆问题。我们考虑在有界域上的耦合抛物-椭圆系统,其中 Fokker-Planck 方程具有物理上自然的无通量边界条件,而 Darcy 方程具有齐次 Dirichlet 边界条件。该逆问题是间接的,因为未知系数仅通过椭圆方程进入,并且仅通过其对抛物方程中密度的影响被观测到。首先,我们建立了统计分析所需的前向问题的解析理论,证明了适定性以及关于允许介电常数集合的一致先验界。然后,我们为逆问题推导了两个稳定性估计,即一个 Lipschitz 型前向估计和一个广义后向估计。在对平移后的介电常数施加缩放的高斯过程先验时,我们证明后验在真值周围以观测数量的显式多项式速率收缩,且后验均值以相同的速率收敛。在一维和二维中的数值实验,使用预条件 Crank-Nicolson 算法和集合卡尔曼滤波算法,补充了我们的理论结果。
5. 仿射 $p$-Sobolev 不等式的尖锐定量稳定性, Part II: $1<p<2$ 的情形
Sharp Quantitative Stability for the Affine $p$-Sobolev Inequality, Part II: The Case $1<p<2$
作者: Song Fan, Gui-Dong Li, Jianjun Zhang
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28215v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28215v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 仿射 $p$-Sobolev 不等式的尖锐定量稳定性, Part II: $1<p<2$ 的情形
摘要翻译: 我们证明了仿射 $L^p$-Sobolev 不等式(由 Lutwak–Yang–Zhang 在 \emph{J. Differential Geom.}, \textbf{62} (2002),17–38 中引入)的尖锐定量稳定性结果,其中 $1<p<2$。此外,我们证明稳定性指数是最优的,且等于 $2$。
6. 具有良好制备随机初值的二次非线性 Schrödinger 方程的长时间适定性与波湍流极限
Long time well-posedness and wave turbulence limit for a quadratic non-lienar Schr{ö}dinger equation with well prepared random initial data
作者: Enguerrand Brun
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28093v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28093v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 具有良好制备随机初值的二次非线性 Schrödinger 方程的长时间适定性与波湍流极限
摘要翻译: 我们证明了在维度 $d \geq 1$ 下,对于具有随机且良好制备初始条件的二次非线性 Schrödinger 方程,存在一个长时间适定性结果。在某些参数范围内,我们在维度 $d \geq 5$ 下推导了与该方程相关的波动力学方程,其时间尺度几乎达到动力学时间的 $d/(d + 1)$ 次幂。我们的分析依赖于 Deng 和 Hani 提出的思想。
7. 两分量 Camassa-Holm 系统弱解的能量守恒与 Onsager 猜想
Energy conservation of weak solutions and Onsager’s conjecture for the two-component Camassa-Holm system
作者: Jingjing Liu, Zhaoyu Sun
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28034v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28034v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 两分量 Camassa-Holm 系统弱解的能量守恒与 Onsager 猜想
摘要翻译: 在本文中,我们研究了两分量 Camassa-Holm 系统弱解的能量守恒问题。我们以分布意义推导了一个局部能量平衡方程,其中包含一个显式的缺陷项。作为应用,我们确定了 Onsager 指数为 1,并由此得到了弱解的唯一性。
8. 由表面压力生成的水波锋面的全局分岔
Global bifurcation of water-wave fronts generated by surface pressure
作者: Jifeng Chu, Zihao Wang, Yong Zhang
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28024v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28024v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 由表面压力生成的水波锋面的全局分岔
摘要翻译: 我们研究二维定常重力水波,其具有任意涡量,位于有限深度的均匀、无粘流体中,并受到一个在上游和下游趋于不同常数的表面压力的作用。从一个固定的超临界剪切流出发,我们构造了两条连接不同层流态的单调锋面全局分支,其中递增与递减剖面分别对应于压力跃变的两种符号。小振幅锋面首先通过隐函数定理获得,随后通过解析全局延拓加以推广。
9. 半线上临界正则性 $H^{- rac34}$ 下 KdV 方程的局部适定性
Local well-posedness for the KdV equation on the half-line at the critical regularity $H^{-\frac34}$
作者: Márcio Cavalcante
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28009v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28009v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 半线上临界正则性 $H^{- rac34}$ 下 KdV 方程的局部适定性
摘要翻译: 我们证明了右半线上临界正则性 $s=-3/4$ 处 Korteweg–de Vries 方程初边值问题的局部适定性,其中初始数据与边界数据分别属于 $H^{-3/4}(igl)_{+})$ 和 $H^{1/12}(igl)_{+})$。这达到了 Holmer (2006) 以及 Bona, Sun 和 Zhang (2006) 在半线结果中遗留下来的端点,他们此前已建立了 $s>-3/4$ 时的局部适定性。证明基于 Kishimoto 引入的 Besov 型 Bourgain 空间中的压缩论证。主要难点在于构造一个与端点 $b=1/2$ 以及在调制变量上所需的 $igl^1$-可加性相兼容的边界强迫算子。我们利用线性半线问题的 Laplace 变换表示以及对 $x<0$ 区域的精心设计的延拓来构造这样的算子。该延拓将边界处所需的正则性与指定的消失空间矩相结合,从而得到相关核在低频下的有利行为。逐点核估计随后提供了 $X^{-3/4,1/2,1}$ 估计所需的关键二进可加性。结合 Duhamel 项在 $b=1/2$ 处的时间迹估计,便得到了这一临界的局部适定性结果。此处所用的思想有望被应用于半线上的其他非线性色散方程。
10. 振荡临界 Strauss 型指数下半线性 Tricomi 方程的爆破
Blow-up for a semilinear Tricomi equation in the oscillatory regime at the critical Strauss-type exponent
作者: Diego Marcon, Wanderley Nunes do Nascimento, Matheus C. Santos
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28389v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28389v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 振荡临界 Strauss 型指数下半线性 Tricomi 方程的爆破
摘要翻译: 我们研究具有递减传播速度和振荡标度不变质量的半线性移位 Tricomi 方程在有限时间内的爆破。我们聚焦于 Strauss 型临界区域,并证明:由满足适当局部化条件的非负非平凡能量数据产生的、具有有限传播速度的每一个弱解都会在有限时间内爆破。对于足够小的初始数据,我们还得到了关于寿命的相应临界指数上界。证明依赖于齐次伴随方程的正自相似解,该解可由 Gauss 超几何函数表示。结合先前已建立的针对非线性项的下界以及适配于临界情形的新型估计,这一构造将偏微分方程问题归结为一个非线性微分不等式。随后,常微分方程比较论证同时给出了有限时间爆破和寿命估计。
11. 质量临界 Hartree 方程的全局适定性与散射
Global well-posedness and scattering for mass-critical Hartree equation
作者: Zuyu Ma, Changxing Miao, Matthew Rosenzweig, Jiqiang Zheng
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28454v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28454v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 质量临界 Hartree 方程的全局适定性与散射
摘要翻译: 在本文中,我们证明了去聚焦(defocusing)质量临界 Hartree 方程对任意初值 $u_0\in L^2$ 均全局适定并发生散射,并在聚焦(focusing)情形下,若 $u_0$ 的质量严格小于基态 $Q$ 的质量,则证明类似的结果。该结果去除了 [C. Miao, G. Xu and L. Zhao, J. Math. Pures Appl. (9), 91(2009), 49-79.] 中的径向对称限制,从而在缩放临界正则性下证明了 Hartree 方程的散射猜想。
12. $ax+b$ 群上波动方程的弱型 $(1,1)$ 估计
The weak-type $(1,1)$ estimates for wave equation on $ax+b$ groups
作者: Yunxiang Wang, Lixin Yan
类别: math.CA, math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27730v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27730v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: $ax+b$ 群上波动方程的弱型 $(1,1)$ 估计
摘要翻译: 设 $G$ 为带有 Riemannian 对称空间度量 $d$ 和右 Haar 测度 $\mathrm{d} ρ$ 的群 $\mathbb{R}_+\ltimes \mathbb{R}^n$,该群属于 $ax+b$ 类型,并设 $L$ 为 $G$ 上的正定可区分左不变拉普拉斯算子。令 $u=u(t,\cdot)$ 为满足初始条件 $u|_{t=0}=f$ 和 $u_t|_{t=0}=g$ 的波动方程 $u_{tt}+Lu=0$ 的解。在本文中,我们证明对于固定的 $t \in\mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}$,当且仅当 $α_0\geq {n/2}$ 且 $α_1\geq n/2-1$ 时,有 \begin{align*} |u(t,\cdot)|{L^{1,\infty}(G,\mathrm{d}ρ)}\leq C\ (1+|t|)\big(|(\operatorname{Id}+L)^{α_0/2}f|{L^1(G,\mathrm{d}ρ)} +|(\operatorname{Id}+L)^{α_1/2}g|_{L^1(G,\mathrm{d}ρ)}\big) \end{align*} 此外,上述估计中关于时间的多项式增长 $1+|t|$ 是最优的。
13. 区间上波动方程时空可观测性的可观测对称性
Observable symmetry for spacetime observability of wave equations on the interval
作者: Bin Huang, Shengquan Xiang
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27507v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27507v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 区间上波动方程时空可观测性的可观测对称性
摘要翻译: 在文献 [27] 的基础上,我们进一步研究一维区间上波动方程的时空可观测性。主要任务是刻画 Dirichlet 和 Neumann 边界条件下的可观测对称条件(OSC),由于边界反射的存在,这一情形比环面设置更为复杂;同时讨论不同设置下 OSC 之间的关系。我们证明了 OSC 与几何控制条件(GCC)是保证可观测性的充要条件。此外,我们还给出了与之相关的唯一延拓性质的一个充要条件。
14. Fermi-Pasta-Ulam 系统与 Korteweg-de Vries 方程:低正则性连续极限
The Fermi-Pasta-Ulam system and the Korteweg-de Vries equation: a low-regularity continuum limit
作者: Herbert Koch, Ruoyuan Liu
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27190v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27190v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: Fermi-Pasta-Ulam 系统与 Korteweg-de Vries 方程:低正则性连续极限
摘要翻译: 对于无穷 Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU) 系统,当晶格网格尺寸趋于零时,一般解可由与 Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) 方程的解相关联的反向传播波来近似。我们证明,通过利用 FPU Hamiltonian 的守恒律,在任意时间区间上,从 FPU 系统到具有 $L^2$-水平初值的 KdV 方程的连续极限在适当的范数下成立,从而回答了 Hong、Kwak 和 Yang(2021)提出的一个开放问题。此外,对于从 FPU 系统到 KdV 方程的时间局部连续极限,我们将所需的 Sobolev 正则性降低至 $H^s$,其中 $s > - \frac 34$。我们的连续极限结果也适用于 Flaschka 形式的 Toda 晶格,从而降低了我们在先前工作(2026)中的正则性要求。为建立这一低正则性连续极限,我们通过结合线性估计、特征曲线的横截性以及线性 FPU 流的多线性色散平滑性质,证明了关键的三线性估计,这些估计在端点处是锐利的。
15. 任意开集上 BV 函数的 Bourgain–Brezis–Mironescu 公式及其应用
Bourgain–Brezis–Mironescu formula for BV functions on arbitrary open sets and applications
作者: Jiang Li, Zhuang Wang
类别: math.AP, math.FA
发布日期: 2026-09-22
arXiv ID: 2609.27163v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27163v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 任意开集上 BV 函数的 Bourgain–Brezis–Mironescu 公式及其应用
摘要翻译: 在本文中,我们针对一般类径向磨光函数(radial mollifiers),建立了任意开集上 BV 函数的 Bourgain–Brezis–Mironescu 公式。基于该公式,我们确定了改进的非局部能量关于 $L^1$-收敛的 $Γ$-极限,其为总变差的一个常数倍。由此,我们得到了通过相应非局部能量的有限性对 BV 函数进行刻画的结论。我们还证明了在自然的等可积性假设下,任意开集上的局部 $L^1$-紧性以及有界开集上的全局 $L^1$-紧性。特别地,除全局紧性结果外,所有这些结果均在任意开集上成立,且无需对域界的有界性、连通性或边界正则性作出任何假设。反例表明,对于全局紧性而言,域的有界性和等可积性假设都是不可或缺的。证明主要依赖于 BV 函数的一维限制以及径向磨光函数的集中论证。
16. mKdV 呼吸子的鲁棒性:数值视角
Robustness of mKdV Breathers: A Numerical Perspective
作者: Chandler Haight, Svetlana Roudenko, Diana Son, Kai Yang
类别: nlin.PS, math.AP, math.NA
发布日期: 2026-09-22
arXiv ID: 2609.27080v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27080v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: mKdV 呼吸子的鲁棒性:数值视角
摘要翻译: 我们通过数值模拟系统研究了修正的 Korteweg-de Vries (mKdV) 方程中的呼吸子解。我们证明,呼吸子解在多种扰动下是稳定的,这些扰动包括振幅变化、内部参数的修改以及方程非线性的扰动。我们的结果不仅与可积系统中呼吸子稳定性的已知解析研究一致并进一步扩展了这些研究,而且提供了数值证据,表明在某些具有对称势的非可积情形中,这类呼吸子型结构可以在所模拟的时间尺度上持续存在并保持稳定。
17. 谱非负相互作用能 Wasserstein 梯度流的精确收敛性
Sharp Convergence of Wasserstein Gradient Flows for Spectrally Nonnegative Interaction Energies
作者: Zhengjiang Lin, Philippe Rigollet
类别: math.AP, cs.LG, math.OC
发布日期: 2026-09-22
arXiv ID: 2609.27008v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27008v1
摘要翻译
中文标题: 谱非负相互作用能 Wasserstein 梯度流的精确收敛性
摘要翻译: 我们研究闭流形 $M$ 上相互作用能
的 Wasserstein 梯度流的长时间行为。对于在 Laplace 特征基下对角化且具有非负谱系数的核,我们证明了相对熵与能量差之间的微分不等式。因此,对于任意非负初始密度 $u_0\in L^p(M)$, $p>1$, 能量差在时间上是可积的,并且满足
若所有谱系数均为正,则该流弱收敛于常数测度。这些相互作用能在 Wasserstein 空间中未必是测地凸的,且相应的流不包含扩散项;因此,其全局收敛性不能从标准的 Wasserstein 梯度流理论中得出。我们的结果所涵盖的核包括球面上的带核(zonal kernels)、Transformer 模型中出现的核、正则化的 Riesz 核以及逆分数阶 Laplace 算子核。 我们还考察了 $o(t^{-1})$ 速率的锐利性。对于该类中具有无穷多个正谱系数的任意光滑核以及任意 $δ>0$,我们构造了一个线性化流的解,其能量沿趋于无穷的某个时间序列与 $t^{-1-δ}$ 相当。此外,对于任意 $δ>0$,通过选取平坦环面(flat torus)上的适当逆分数阶 Laplace 算子核,我们构造了一个非线性 Wasserstein 梯度流的精确解,其能量与 $t^{-1-δ}$ 相当。该非线性构造基于二进 Fourier 系数块随时间演化的均匀估计以及逐块的能量持久性论证。这些估计还给出了非线性 Wasserstein 梯度流与其线性化之间不依赖于时间的定量比较。
不相关论文(基本信息)
1. 任意余维下具有给定平均曲率和接触角的圆盘的存在性
Existence of disks with prescribed mean curvature and contact angle in arbitrary codimension
作者: Rui Gao, Miaomiao Zhu
类别: math.DG, math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28410v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28410v1
摘要: Under suitable relative homotopy and boundary admissibility assumptions, we establish a min-max theory in arbitrary codimension that produces nonconstant branched immersed disks or spheres in closed Riemannian manifolds, with controlled Morse index, where the prescribed mean curvature type tensor and the nonorthogonal, nonconstant contact angle condition of disks along a supporting submanifold are determined by the same differential 2-form. In Euclidean space, under suitable topological and convex barrier assumptions, we obtain such disks with free boundary on a closed supporting hypersurface and a Morse index bound depending only on the ambient dimension.
2. 高维Yamabe方程解的孤立奇点 I
Isolated singularities of solutions to the Yamabe equation in higher dimensions I
作者: Zheng-Chao Han, Qinfeng Jiang, Hua-Yang Wang, Jingang Xiong, Lei Zhang
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28323v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28323v1
摘要: We complete, in the Riemannian setting, the classification of isolated singularities of positive solutions to the Yamabe equation for $3\le n\le 29$, initiated in the flat case by Caffarelli, Gidas, and Spruck in 1989. Precisely, every isolated singularity is either removable or asymptotic to a Fowler solution. The sharpness of this range is established by counterexamples for $n\ge30$ in our subsequent paper.
3. 带Hardy势的奇异$1$-Laplace方程的尖锐存在性与非存在性
Sharp existence and non-existence for singular $1$-Laplace equations with Hardy potentials
作者: Juan Carlos Chata Ortiz, Francesco Petitta
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28298v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28298v1
摘要: In this paper, we investigate the singular Dirichlet problem \begin{equation}\label{abs1} \left{ \begin{array}{rclr} -Δ_1u &=&\dfracλ{|x|}\hbox{Sgn},(u)+\dfrac{f}{u^γ}&\quad\mbox{in}; Ω,\[1ex] u &=&0& \quad\mbox{on}; \partialΩ, \end{array} \right. \end{equation} where $Δ_1u=\hbox{div}\left(\frac{Du}{|Du|}\right)$ denotes the $1$-Laplacian operator, the parameters are $λ\in {R}$ and $γ>0$, and $f$ is a non-negative function belonging to the Lorentz space $L^{N,\infty}(Ω)$. Our main goal is to establish the existence of non-trivial solutions under the sharp restriction $λ<N-1$, regardless of the magnitude of the datum $f$ or the value of the singular exponent $γ>0$. We also show that these solutions are globally bounded and that, on the contrary, no solution exists as soon as $λ\geq N-1$ and $f$ is positive. These results are achieved by rigorously analyzing the asymptotic behavior, as $p\to 1^+$, of the solutions to the approximating $p$-Laplace problems \begin{equation} \left{ \begin{array}{rclc} -Δ_pu&=&\dfracλ{|x|^p}|u|^{p-2}u+\dfrac{f}{u^γ}&\quad\mbox{ in }; Ω,\[1ex] u&=&0&\quad\mbox{ on }; \partialΩ. \end{array} \right. \end{equation} Finally, we provide a family of explicit examples designed to illustrate the sharp optimality of our main assumptions.
4. 梯度约束、Born-Infeld 与通过无穷多个 $p$-拉普拉斯算子叠加构造的最大曲面
Gradient constraints, Born-Infeld, and maximal surfaces via superposition of infinitely many $p$-Laplacians
作者: Haydar Abdel Hamid, Juan Carlos Chata Ortiz, Francesco Petitta, Julio Daniel Rossi
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28288v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28288v1
摘要: We study the Dirichlet problem for an infinite series of $p$-Laplacians,
where $\{a_{p}\}$ is a sequence of nonnegative numbers whose power series has radius of convergence $σ\in(0,\infty]$. The operator is formally $-\operatorname{div}( {A}(|\nabla u|)\nabla u)$ with $ {A}$ singular at $|\nabla u|=σ$; model cases are the mean curvature operator in Minkowski space and the Born-Infeld operator of nonlinear electrostatics. The radius of convergence forces the gradient constraint $\|\nabla u\|_\infty\leσ$, so the natural variational problem is constrained. A unique minimizer of the associated energy always exists (for boundary data compatible with the constraint) and always solves a variational inequality, and we identify the saturation flux $Λ:=\sum_{p\ge2}a_pσ^{p-1}$ as the quantity governing solvability of the equation: if $Λ<\infty$ a weak solution exists only if $|\int_E f|\leΛP(E)$ for every set of finite perimeter $E\SubsetΩ$, so for $f\equivλ$ no solution exists once $λ>Λh(Ω)$, $h(Ω)$ the Cheeger constant of $Ω$. The threshold is sharp on balls, where the minimizer has a saturation region $\{|\nabla u|=σ\}$ of positive measure. When $Λ=\infty$, as for Born-Infeld type operators, no such obstruction is present, and the minimizer solves the equation whenever a Lipschitz bound below $σ$ is available; for $f\equiv0$ we obtain such a bound, uniform in the truncations of the series, under a bounded slope condition on the boundary datum. As applications we obtain an isoperimetric bound on the charge densities supported by a nonlinear electrostatics with saturating displacement, and a quantitative convergence rate for the weak field expansion of the Born-Infeld model.
5. Naito–Okuda–Ouyang 双凹形红细胞轮廓作为具有点力残差的有限能量无分支弱浸入
The Naito–Okuda–Ouyang Biconcave Red Blood Cell Profile as a Finite-Energy Unbranched Weak Immersion with Point-Force Residues
作者: Hao Wu
类别: math.AP, cond-mat.soft, math-ph, math.DG, physics.bio-ph
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28278v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28278v1
摘要: The axisymmetric profile $\sinψ(ρ)=c_0ρ\log(ρ/ρ_B)$ introduced by Naito, Okuda, and Ouyang is an exact solution of the unconstrained Helfrich shape equation for every $ρ>0$, but its mean curvature diverges logarithmically at the dimple center. A covariant local analysis shows that in Cartesian graph coordinates the immersion is nondegenerate and belongs to $W^{2,p}$ for every finite $p$; it is $C^{1,α}$ for every $α<1$, but neither $C^{1,1}$ nor $C^2$. The conformal factor has a finite nonzero limit, so the point has branch multiplicity one and is not a branch point in the sense used in weak-immersion compactness theory. The Helfrich energy is finite, whereas the complete Euler–Lagrange operator carries the distributional residue $\E_{\CH}=4πc_0δ_p$ under the convention specified below. Hence the profile is a classical solution on the punctured surface and a finite-energy weak immersion, but it is not a free weak critical point of the unforced Canham–Helfrich functional. Stationarity is restored after adding the corresponding point-force potential or under a pinned-point constraint. Area and volume multipliers cannot cancel the Dirac residue. The apparent sign discrepancy between the shape equation used in the original papers and the modern convention is explained by the opposite definition of mean curvature. These results delimit precisely what can and cannot be inferred from modern existence and regularity theorems for Canham–Helfrich minimizers.
6. 带凸次临界扰动的临界拟线性椭圆系统
Critical quasilinear elliptic systems with convex subcritical perturbations
作者: Elisandra Gloss, Bruno Ribeiro, Artur Marinho, Kanishka Perera
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28267v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28267v1
摘要: We study a class of Dirichlet problems for coupled quasilinear elliptic systems driven by the $p$–Laplacian in a bounded domain, where the nonlinear terms split into a critical homogeneous part and a convex subcritical perturbation. Using variational methods, a nonlinear eigenvalue theory based on the Fadell–Rabinowitz $\mathbb Z_2$–cohomological index, and a refined linking construction, we prove the existence of a nontrivial solution for every parameter value under suitable dimensional assumptions. We also treat a nonhomogeneous version with small forcing terms by applying a recent abstract perturbation theorem, yielding the existence of two distinct nontrivial solutions.
7. 双重临界混合阶拟线性方程:存在性、多重性与正则性
Doubly critical mixed-order quasilinear equations: existence, multiplicity and regularity
作者: Elisandra Gloss, Artur Jorge Marinho, Kanishka Perera, Bruno Ribeiro
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28260v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28260v1
摘要: We investigate a class of mixed-order quasilinear elliptic equations in $\mathbb R^N$ driven by the $q$-biharmonic and $p$-Laplacian operators,
where $1<q<N/2$, $1<p<q^*$, $p\ne q$, $q\ne p^*$, and the weighted exponent is determined by the natural scaling of the equation. We establish compact weighted embeddings compatible with this mixed scaling and develop the corresponding variational framework. As an application, we prove existence and multiplicity of nontrivial solutions under suitable assumptions on the parameters. We also establish a local regularity result for the more general equation $Δ_q^2u-Δ_pu=f(x,u),$ where $f$ is a Carathéodory function with local critical growth. By combining nonlinear potential estimates, a regularity-lifting argument, and a finite bootstrap for an associated second-order system, we obtain higher local regularity of both $u$ and the nonlinear flux $|Δu|^{q-2}Δu$. This regularity result, which is also of independent interest, enables us to derive a Pohozaev-type identity for the equations under consideration.
8. $p$-Laplacian 相关正则化两相问题的分岔现象
The Bifurcation Phenomenon for the Regularized Two-Phase Problem Associated with the $p$-Laplacian
作者: Alaa Haj Ali, Catherine Lebiedzik, Peiyong Wang
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28227v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28227v1
摘要: In this paper, we verify a bifurcation phenomenon regarding the multiplicity of weak solutions, subject to the Dirichlet boundary condition, of a regularized two-phase free boundary problem associated with the $p$-Laplacian. In fact, we prove the existence of a mountain pass solution when the boundary data is small. In this case, three weak solutions of the regularized problem exist: the $p$-harmonic function, a minimizer of the corresponding functional, and the mountain pass solution. Finally, we consider the special case of radially symmetric solutions. By solving the associated nonlinear ordinary differential equation in the unregularized case, we show explicitly how the Bernoulli condition at the free boundary gives rise to the bifurcation of solutions.
9. 一类全非线性椭圆偏微分方程的 Schauder 估计:一种几何切向方法
Schauder estimates for a class of fully nonlinear elliptic PDEs: a geometric tangential approach
作者: Junior da Silva Bessa, João Vitor da Silva, Laura Ospina
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28103v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28103v1
摘要: In this paper, we establish local and global Schauder estimates for classical solutions of a class of fully nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations, which are not necessarily convex or concave, under suitable Hölder continuity assumptions on the data. Our approach is based on a robust blow-up argument, combined with geometric tangential analysis and compactness techniques. This strategy is strongly influenced by methodologies developed in the contemporary theory of nonlinear elliptic PDEs.
10. 带Aharonov–Bohm通量的奇异谐振子谱渐近性
Spectral Asymptotics of a Singular Harmonic Oscillator with Aharonov–Bohm Flux
作者: Bernard Helffer, Ayman Kachmar, François Nicoleau
类别: math.SP, math-ph, math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28076v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28076v1
摘要: Motivated by a recent article of R. Vanlaere (2026), we investigate the spectral asymptotics of a singular harmonic oscillator arising from the radial reduction of the magnetic Schrödinger operator on the unit disk in the presence of a constant magnetic field and an Aharonov-Bohm flux. The corresponding eigenvalue problem is equivalent to the study of the zeros of the Kummer confluent hypergeometric function with respect to its first parameter. Combining now standard semiclassical methods with the uniform asymptotic theory of Whittaker and confluent hypergeometric functions developed by Dunster (1989), Gabutti-Gatteschi (2001) and improved quite recently by Dunster (2026), we obtain a comprehensive description of the different spectral regimes. When the boundary lies in the classically forbidden region, we derive the exponentially small asymptotic correction to the eigenvalue caused by the tunneling effect. For energy levels above the tunneling regime, we derive a shifted Bohr-Sommerfeld asymptotics for highly excited states at a fixed magnetic field. Finally, for the transition regime where the energy level touches the boundary, we derive a three-term asymptotic expansion of the eigenvalue. In an appendix, we translate these spectral results into explicit asymptotic formulas for the zeros of the Kummer function.
11. $p$-调和函数渐近平均值性质逐点有效性的反例
A counterexample to the pointwise validity of an asymptotic mean value property for $p$-harmonic functions
作者: Ángel Arroyo, Jeff Calder, Mikko Parviainen
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28069v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28069v1
摘要: We give a counterexample showing that an asymptotic mean value property for $p$-harmonic functions in $\mathbb R^d$ does not necessarily hold in the pointwise sense for $d\geq 3$ and $p>2$ near $2$. The proof uses a perturbation argument from $p=2$ and the Implicit Function Theorem to establish the counterexample. We also use a computer assisted proof to give an explicit range of values of $p$ for which the counterexample holds. Finally, we also establish a counterexample for the pointwise asymptotic variational mean value property.
12. 平面中 $L^p$ 势下逆 Schrödinger 问题的唯一性,$p>1$
Uniqueness for the inverse Schrödinger problem in the plane with $L^p$ potentials, $p>1$
作者: Cătălin I. Cârstea, Jenn-Nan Wang
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28046v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28046v1
摘要: Let $Ω\subset\mathbb R^2$ be a bounded smooth domain. We prove that the weak Dirichlet-to-Neumann map for $-Δ+V$ uniquely determines every complex-valued potential $V\in L^p(Ω)$, $p>1$, provided that zero is not a Dirichlet eigenvalue. This extends the previously known range $p>4/3$ to all $p>1$. The proof uses Bukhgeim’s quadratic-phase solutions and an average of Alessandrini’s identity over the phase center. After separating the Neumann-series tails, we show that each remaining Born term tends to zero. The fixed-order estimates combine bounds for the absolute kernels with oscillatory cancellation and a duality argument for the product of the two Cauchy transforms.
13. 平面 Calderón 问题与 $L^p$ 势
The planar Calderón problem for $L^p$ potentials
作者: Ali Feizmohammadi
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28047v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28047v1
摘要: We prove that the Dirichlet-to-Neumann map associated to the Schrödinger operator $-Δ+q$ on a planar bounded Lipschitz domain uniquely determines an arbitrary complex-valued potential $q\in L^p$, $p>1$, whenever zero is not a Dirichlet eigenvalue. Our argument uses Nachman’s d-bar equation only at sufficiently large complex frequencies, where exceptional points are absent. A new annular frequency estimate converts the first asymptotic coefficient of the complex geometric optics solutions into a pointwise bound for a primitive of the potential difference, reducing the inverse problem to a unique-continuation argument.
14. 通过非线性标度论证的临界 Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg 不等式
Critical Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequalities via nonlinear scaling argument
作者: Megumi Sano, Yerkin Shaimerdenov, Hinako Sugimura
类别: math.AP, math.FA
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.28038v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.28038v1
摘要: We show functional inequalities with logarithmic weights as a critical case of Caffarelli-Kohn-Nirenberg inequalities. Original CKN inequalities have polynomial weights and are shown via scaling argument. In this paper, we develop this argument into it for nonlinear scaling. Our inequalities are generalizations of critical Hardy type inequalities.
15. 高对比度下多项式尺度的均匀化
Homogenization at a polynomial scale in high contrast
作者: Scott Armstrong, Tuomo Kuusi, Amélie Loher
类别: math.AP, math-ph, math.PR
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27647v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27647v1
摘要: We prove an upper bound on the homogenization length scale which is a fixed power of the coarse ellipticity ratio for coefficient fields that satisfy a finite range of dependence assumption.
16. $2$-等变调和映射热流与六维径向能量临界非线性热方程的分类
Classification for the $2$-equivariant harmonic map heat flow and the radial energy-critical nonlinear heat equation in dimension $6$
作者: Uihyeon Jeong, Taegyu Kim
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27683v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27683v1
摘要: We consider the global dynamics of finite-energy solutions to the $2$-equivariant harmonic map heat flow from $\bbR^2$ to $\bbS^2$ and $\dot H^1$-bounded radial solutions to the energy-critical nonlinear heat equation in dimension $6$. Building upon soliton resolution, we obtain a classification of their multi-bubble dynamics. First, we prove that all such solutions are global. For the harmonic map heat flow, the number and sign of the bubbles are determined by the energy class of the initial data, while for the nonlinear heat equation the bubble signs necessarily alternate. In both models, the largest scale is determined, up to a positive multiplicative constant, by the spatial tail of the initial datum. The remaining scales concentrate according to exponential and iterated-exponential laws determined by the largest scale. Finally, global bubble trees with an arbitrary number of bubbles exist for both models. For the harmonic map heat flow, this follows directly from the classification; for the nonlinear heat equation, we construct alternating bubble trees with any prescribed radial $\dot H^1$ tail, thereby realizing the scale laws arising in the classification.
17. Milnor 不等式与圆形弹性结
Milnor’s inequality and circular elastic knots
作者: Tatsuya Miura
类别: math.DG, math.AP, math.GT
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27643v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27643v1
摘要: We establish the extension of Milnor’s inequality, relating total curvature with the bridge index, to the $C^1$-closure of a knot class, without any restriction on the self-intersections of the limit curve. Together with recent work of Reiter–von der Mosel, this resolves the circular elastic knot conjecture, first predicted by Gallotti–Pierre-Louis in 2007 and then formulated as a mathematical conjecture by Gerlach–Reiter–von der Mosel in 2017. More precisely, if the bridge and braid indices of a tame knot class coincide, then the multiply covered circle is the unique elastic knot.
18. $B^3$ 到 $oldsymbol{\mathbb{S}^3}$ 的极小 $p$-调和映射的正则性
Regularity of minimizing $p$-harmonic maps from $B^3$ to $\mathbb{S}^3$
作者: Katarzyna Mazowiecka, Michał Miśkiewicz, Patryk Tokarczuk
类别: math.AP, math.DG
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27516v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27516v1
摘要: We prove that every minimizing $p$-harmonic map from $B^3$ into $\mathbb S^3$ is locally $C^{1,α}$ for some $α\in(0,1)$, for every $p>p_0$, where $p_0=\frac{7-\sqrt{17}}{2}\approx 1.44$. This closes the gap between the previously established regularity ranges $[2,2.642]\cup[2.961,3]$ and, in particular, yields full interior regularity for all $p\ge2$. The result also extends regularity to the subquadratic range $p_0<p<2$.
19. 二维抛物型矢量 Allen-Cahn 系统的渐近性
Asymptotics for two-dimensional parabolic vectorial Allen-Cahn systems
作者: Zhiyuan Dai, Haotong Fu, Huaijie Wang, Wei Wang
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27596v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27596v1
摘要: We study the parabolic vectorial Allen–Cahn equation in two space dimensions for a fixed smooth potential with finitely many non-degenerate wells. Our result provides a parabolic extension of Bethuel’s elliptic compactness theorem: at almost every positive time, the diffuse energy, potential energy, and gradient tensor converge to measures concentrated on a countably $1$-rectifiable interface and satisfy all the Bethuel-type relations. In the scalar case, the tangential defect vanishes and the usual mean-curvature-flow structure is recovered. For general vectorial potentials, the limiting stress and dissipation yield a two-mobility system: the normal energy flux balances weighted curvature, while a tangential internal mobility transports residual tangential energy. Thus the result extends the Allen–Cahn-to-Brakke framework of Ilmanen from scalar to vector-valued systems, with an additional non-negative dissipation defect in the localized energy inequality.
20. 一类非局部椭圆问题中最大值原理失效的刻画
Characterizing the breakdown of the maximum principle in a class of nonlocal elliptic problems
作者: João R. Santos Júnior, Silvia Sastre-Gómez, Diego A. Souza
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27504v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27504v1
摘要: In this paper, we consider a nonlocal elliptic equation involving a nonnegative parameter $a$ that quantifies the strength of the nonlocal term, posed in a smooth bounded domain with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions and a given nonnegative source term $f$. This class of problems arises in several applications, including the modeling of thermistor behaviour and population dynamics with crowding effects. We focus on the breakdown of the maximum principle as the parameter $a$ increases. We characterize the two types of degeneracy that may occur, possibly simultaneously, at the critical parameter $a^*$: the solution may vanish at an interior point of the domain, possibly forming a dead-core region, or its normal derivative may vanish on the boundary. In particular, we obtain sufficient conditions for the emergence of dead-core solutions, thereby answering an open question raised in the recent literature. Several one- and two-dimensional examples are constructed to illustrate each possible scenario. Additionally, we study an optimization problem motivated by biological considerations, where the goal is to maximize the critical threshold $a^*$ over an admissible class of resource distributions. For sources with prescribed total mass, a uniform upper bound, and an interior-contact condition, we show that the critical threshold is unbounded and that the corresponding total population can be arbitrarily small. We also establish the existence of a maximizer in a class with a prescribed positive lower bound on the total population, a uniform bound on the sources, and the same interior-contact condition.
21. 弱退化波动方程的最优阻尼设计与指数稳定性
Optimal damping design and exponential stabilization for weakly degenerate wave equations
作者: Mengze Gu, Dong-Hui Yang, Hongli Sun, Yuanzhi Zhou
类别: math.AP, math.OC
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27502v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27502v1
摘要: We investigate the optimal damping design and exponential stabilization for a class of higher-dimensional weakly degenerate damped wave equations. In weighted Sobolev spaces, we establish well-posedness and uniform exponential energy decay, and verify the existence of long-time optimal damping potentials. To overcome analytical difficulties arising from system non-self-adjointness, we use finite-time approximation via semigroup operator norms. Through linearization and adjoint-state analysis, we derive first-order necessary optimality conditions and show finite-time optimal dampings possess a bang-bang structure.
22. 带边均匀化与有限气泡晶体的声软极限
Band-Edge Homogenization and the Sound-Soft Limit of Finite Bubbly Crystals
作者: Habib Ammari, Yuxin Du, Xin Fu, Wenjia Jing, Moritz Melcher
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27494v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27494v1
摘要: We establish a quantitative sound-soft scattering limit for a finite bubbly crystal near the upper edge of the first Bloch band of the corresponding infinite crystal. The inclusions form a dense periodic array of period $\varepsilon$ in a bounded Lipschitz domain, and their density contrast is $δ=\varepsilon^2$, with fixed positive wave speeds. Under coordinate-reflection symmetry, we prove that the normalized capacitance symbol has a unique nondegenerate maximum on the Brillouin torus. Its Hessian defines a positive Dirichlet elliptic operator governing the limiting spectral detunings. A mean-constrained variational formulation allows us to compare the actual finite-array capacitance matrix with the truncated infinite-lattice operator and to prove exponential localization of their difference near the sample boundary. We obtain an $O(\varepsilon)$ norm-resolvent approximation and connect it to the full acoustic scattering problem, retaining the second-order Bloch correction required by the frequency scaling. For rescaled detunings outside the effective Dirichlet spectrum, the exterior $L^2$ and far-field discrepancies are $O(\varepsilon)$, while the interior $L^2$ field is $O(\varepsilon^{1/2})$. Numerical experiments illustrate the far-field convergence and the effective spectral modes. Explicit one-dimensional calculations describe finer Fabry–Pérot transmission windows and show that a fixed frequency strictly inside the first band need not have a unique scattering limit.
23. 抛物型偏微分方程组两相 Stefan 问题弱解的存在性
Existence of weak solutions to two-phase Stefan problems for parabolic partial differential equation system
作者: Hana Kakiuchi
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27401v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27401v1
摘要: In our previous results, we have proposed a new free boundary problem representing the bread baking process in a hot oven. The problem consists of conservation laws for the internal energy and water mass, the Stefan condition, the boundary and initial conditions. We note that the boundary condition for the water content contains the temperature at the boundary. Accordingly, we do not expect a strong solution for $W^{1,2}$-initial data. To address this difficulty, we established strong solvability by assuming stricter conditions for the initial functions in [3]. In contrast, this paper aims to prove the existence of a weak solution, when these assumptions for initial functions are relaxed.
24. 一般交叉扩散系统的大时间渐近性与新的凸Sobolev不等式
Large-time asymptotics for general cross-diffusion systems and novel convex Sobolev inequalities
作者: Noah Geltner, Ansgar Jüngel
类别: math.AP, math.FA
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27477v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27477v1
摘要: The exponential decay of weak solutions towards the constant steady state of general cross-diffusion systems in bounded domains with no-flux boundary conditions is investigated. The proof of quantitative decay rates is based on the relative entropy method and involves two parameters: the exponent determining the entropy density and the exponent in the entropy production integral. The key ingredient are novel convex Sobolev inequalities, which extend existing results in the literature to a broad range of values of the two parameters. These inequalities are established using convexity arguments and the Gagliardo-Nirenberg inequality.
25. 随机分数阶 Helmholtz 方程逆源问题的稳定性
Stability for the inverse source problem of the stochastic fractional Helmholtz equation
作者: Dong Qiu, Xiang Xu, Yue Zhao
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27383v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27383v1
摘要: This paper is concerned with the inverse source problem for the stochastic fractional Helmholtz equation driven by white noise. For every fractional order $0<α<1$, we prove the existence and uniqueness of the outgoing distributional solution to the direct problem with resolvent estimates at high frequencies, and establish its stochastic representation. For the inverse problem, we demonstrate that the variance of the source can be uniquely determined by the correlated random exterior data at a single frequency. We further establish an increasing stability estimate for the inverse problem by using the multifrequency correlated exterior data. Our stability result shows that as the upper bound of the bandwidth of the utilized frequency increases, the stability will also improve. The analysis employs the construction of geometric optics solutions, which connects the correlated data to the X-ray transform of the variance.
26. 奇异测度退化 Monge-Ampère 方程的唯一性与尖锐边界估计
Uniqueness and sharp boundary estimates for degenerate Monge-Ampère equations with singular measures
作者: Chong Gu
类别: math.AP
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27341v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27341v1
摘要: We study the uniqueness and boundary behavior of nonzero convex Aleksandrov solutions to $\det D^2 u=M|u|^pν$ with zero boundary values on bounded convex domains in $\mathbb{R}^n (n \geq 2)$. For $0<p<n$, we prove the uniqueness of nonzero convex solutions in the finite-energy class when $ν$ is a locally finite Borel measure with positive mass and $\int_Ω\text{dist }(\cdot,\partialΩ)\,dν<\infty$. For $p>n$, we construct an explicit two-shell measure on the unit ball for which the problem has at least three radial solutions that are globally Lipschitz and have finite energy. In the case of $ν=\text{dist }(\cdot,\partialΩ)^{-α}\,dL^n$, $0\leqα<2$, we prove global Lipschitz continuity when $p-α>n-2$ and obtain sharp upper and lower estimates on domains with a flat boundary part when $n(α-1)-2<p-α\leq n-2$. When $α=0$ and $p=n-2$, our log-Lipschitz lower estimate has the same exponent as the known upper estimate. This answers the question raised by Le (Global Lipschitz and Sobolev estimates for the Monge-Ampère eigenfunctions of general bounded convex domains. Ann. Fac. Sci. Toulouse Math. (6) 35 (2026)). We also give a sufficient condition for finite Monge-Ampère energy on every bounded convex domain, prove its necessity when the boundary contains a flat part, and apply it to prove the uniqueness of the Monge-Ampère eigenvalue among all nonzero convex solutions.
27. 算子复合信赖域方法的相对原始-对偶间隙证书
Relative Primal–Dual Gap Certificates for Operator-Composite Trust-Region Methods
作者: Harbir Antil
类别: math.OC, math.AP, math.NA
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27348v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27348v1
摘要: We study trust-region minimization of a smooth, possibly nonconvex functional plus a convex functional composed with a bounded linear operator. A relative primal–dual gap condition controls both the error in an approximate proximal-gradient step and its linear-model decrease. Together with a computable absolute stationarity test, it yields a finite Cauchy search, convergence of the proximal stationarity measure to zero, and an $O(\varepsilon^{-2})$ bound on outer trials. The outer analysis allows the linear operator to take values in a Banach space and does not require dual attainment. When the operator takes values in a Hilbert space and the regularizer is finite and Lipschitz, the dual proximal-gradient method produces finite gaps tending to zero, provided the required proximal maps and functional values can be evaluated. We prove $O(j^{-1})$ gap bounds for both recovered and averaged primal candidates and give a sharper bound on the primal error for exactly recovered points. A semilinear elliptic control problem with unsmoothed total-variation regularization and an $L^2$ control cost illustrates the method in the full $H^1$ metric. Across five meshes, outer and state Newton counts remain constant, while interior-point iteration counts vary mildly.
28. 基于物理信息神经网络的稀疏观测大气热预报,用于气候感知数字孪生
Sparse-Observation Atmospheric Thermal Forecasting with Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Climate-Aware Digital Twins
作者: Tannaz Goodarzvand Chegini, Elyas Shivanian, Behzad Karimi, Faraz Dadgostari
类别: cs.AI, math.AP, math.NA
发布日期: 2026-09-23
arXiv ID: 2609.27290v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27290v1
摘要: Short-horizon forecasts of atmospheric temperature are needed to support climate-aware digital-twin systems, but such forecasts must be produced where thermal observations are incomplete. This study evaluates a physics-informed neural network for potential-temperature forecasting, constrained by a pressure-coordinate thermodynamic advection-source equation and a diabatic-source closure fit from the preceding 12-hour period and frozen before future-time training. Using hourly ERA5 reanalysis at three pressure levels, the model is evaluated as a conditional hindcast at lead times of one, two and three hours against persistence, local-trend, and two matched neural-network baselines, one of which receives the same future meteorological forcing as the PINN, helping distinguish the physical constraint from access to future forcing. In an Oklahoma development case, mean RMSE improvement over the strongest baseline grew from 8.1% at one hour to 23.8% at three hours; under an observation-density sweep down to 5% of candidate locations, this 3-hour advantage remained 14.6–16.9%, with no evidence that lower density improves performance. Under a fixed protocol transferred to an Alabama heat event with three virtual-observation layouts, three-hour improvement ranged 19.7-24.4% with consistent origin-level wins. A parallel Montana stress test, in which fixed pressure levels intersected complex terrain, produced a three-hour degradation of roughly 17.5%, identifying a terrain-related applicability limit of the formulation. Together, these results indicate that the physics constraint’s benefit grows with forecast horizon, persists under severe observation sparsity, and transfers across regions, but is bounded by the validity of a fixed vertical-coordinate representation over complex terrain, evidence relevant to physics-constrained components of climate-aware forecasting and digital-twin systems.
29. Hopf 约化与经典 Hopf 环面 Willmore 流的端点多重性解析
Hopf Reduction and Multiplicity-Resolved Endpoints for the Classical Willmore Flow of Hopf Tori
作者: Mohameden Ahmedou, Ruben Jakob
类别: math.AP, math.DG
发布日期: 2026-09-22
arXiv ID: 2609.26997v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.26997v1
摘要: We establish an exact parametrized reduction of the classical Willmore flow of Hopf tori in the round three-sphere to the spherical elastic flow. In Willmore-flow time the reduction is $(\partial_tγ)^{\perp}=-4\nabla_{L^2}\mathcal E(γ)$; its global reconstruction uses a pullback-circle-bundle normalization and does not require preservation of simplicity along flow lines. Combining the known global subconvergence of the spherical elastic flow with Pozzetta’s full convergence theorem then yields full smooth convergence of flow lines, modulo domain diffeomorphisms, for every simply parametrized Hopf torus at arbitrary initial energy. We then obtain quantitative conclusions for the unreparametrized trajectory: finite normal $L^2$-metric length, total-variation convergence of the pullback area measures, bounded-Lipschitz convergence of the image measures, and explicit tail estimates. The density of the full varifold endpoint equals the covering multiplicity of the limiting elastic profile, and Pinkall’s marked flat lattices converge. In particular, a simple initial Hopf immersion with energy arbitrarily close to $4π^2$ from above can smoothly converge to some parametrization of the Clifford torus with multiplicity two, although its limiting conformal class in moduli space is exactly the square class.
30. 有界域上截断分数阶微分方程的非局部边界条件
Nonlocal Boundary Conditions for Truncated-Fractional Differential Equations Posed on Bounded Domains
作者: Mikil Foss, Adam Larios, Michael Pieper
类别: math.AP, math.FA
发布日期: 2026-09-22
arXiv ID: 2609.27002v1
链接: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.27002v1
摘要: Nonlocal models have found great success in recent years. In particular, models that replace spatial derivatives with strongly singular integral operators involving finite interaction radii are used in a wide range of applications, including image processing, continuum mechanics, and many other areas. However, from the perspective of mathematical analysis, difficulties arise when considering the appropriate notion of boundary'' conditions. (The nonlocal analogue of the boundary is often called a collar’’ and is typically not a lower-dimensional set.) For instance, merely enforcing homogeneous Dirichlet-type constraints on the collar fails to guarantee a number of essential properties used in the analysis and numerical simulation of these models, as we show in the present work. In the local setting, working in a Sobolev space of functions that are zero on the boundary allows one to integrate by parts with no boundary term, approximate by test functions, extend by zero to the full space, and apply the Hardy and Poincaré inequalities. We prove that the nonlocal analog of each of these fails if one only requires the functions to be zero on the collar, and that one must move to a smaller, more restrictive space to enjoy these properties. In addition, we introduce a new lifting operator, correct an error in a previously published result on a nonlocal Green’s theorem, and establish how the properties listed above relate to existing notions of fractional Sobolev spaces.